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EDUCATION=20 | Driving tomorrow=E2=80=99s achievements

01 April 2008

U.S. Gender-Equity Law Led to Boom in Female Sports = Participation

Research shows significant, lasting benefits from = sports

Parkersburg=E2=80=99s Alex Bush (4) and = Jefferson=E2=80=99s Heather Shaffer=20 during play at the 2007 West Virginia high school semifinals (=C2=A9 AP=20 images)

By Jeffrey Thomas
Staff Writer

Washington -- "No person in the United States shall, on the basis = of sex=20 be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be = subjected to=20 discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving = federal aid."=20 -- Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act

In 1972, with the exception of historically black colleges and = universities,=20 virtually no college offered women athletic scholarships. Athletics = programming=20 for women generally consisted of little other than cheerleading squads. =

In U.S. secondary schools the situation was not much better: = approximately=20 300,000 girls participated in sports, or roughly one in 27. They did not = have=20 the same access to coaches as boys, their athletic facilities were not = of=20 comparable quality and their competitive events and games were not given = the=20 same attention and resources.

Then, in 1972, landmark civil rights legislation was enacted that = banned sex=20 discrimination in U.S. schools, both in academic subjects and in = athletics.=20 Popularly known as =E2=80=9CTitle IX,=E2=80=9D it was renamed the Patsy = T. Mink Equal=20 Opportunity in Education Act in 2002 after the death of the = congresswoman from=20 Hawaii who was its principal author.

Mink faced discrimination at the three universities she attended in = the 1940s=20 and 1950s and believed she was denied entrance to medical school because = she was=20 a woman. "I didn't start off wanting to be in politics," she once told a = reporter. "I wanted to be a learned professional, serving the community. = But=20 they weren't hiring women just then. Not being able to get a job from = anybody=20 changed things."

When she became the first woman of color and first Asian-American = woman=20 elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1964, she championed the = rights=20 of immigrants, minorities, women and children. Title IX was her crowning = legislative achievement, and its effect on women=E2=80=99s sports has = been profound.

Today, almost 3 million girls participate in high school sports in = the United=20 States (roughly one in three).

According to most recent statistics (2005), National Collegiate = Athletics=20 Association (NCAA) Division I student bodies were, on average, 54 = percent=20 female, while athletic programs were 45 percent female, up from 31 = percent in=20 1990, according to the NCAA and U.S. Education Department. Between 1971 = and=20 2005, female participation in collegiate sports increased 456 = percent.

Division I, the highest level of NCAA membership, requires schools to = sponsor=20 at least seven sports for men and seven for women (or six for men and = eight for=20 women) with two team sports for each gender.

Congresswoman Patsy T. Mink helped write the = gender-equity=20 law after facing sex discrimination in college. (Library of=20 Congress)

U.S. schools are required to provide both sexes with equal = opportunities for=20 sports participation and equal numbers of athletics scholarships. They = also have=20 to treat male and female teams equally in terms of allocating resources, = scheduling events, publicity and access to coaches.

While broadly popular with the U.S. public, Title IX has not been = without=20 controversy.

=E2=80=9CTitle IX has removed barriers to women's participation in = sports. But it has=20 also caused great damage, in part because it has led to the adoption of = a=20 destructive quota system,=E2=80=9D writes Christina Hoff Sommers, a = resident scholar at=20 the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative-leaning policy = research=20 organization in Washington.

She says that schools that are unable to attract equal numbers of men = and=20 women to participate in sports often drop men=E2=80=99s teams to avoid = government=20 censure, funding cuts and lawsuits.

A recent report by the National Coalition for Women and Girls in = Education=20 found =E2=80=9Cstunning progress,=E2=80=9D but also states that = =E2=80=9Cmuch remains to be done, for=20 the evidence shows that girls and women continue to suffer = discrimination in=20 many educational activities, although it is usually in a more subtle = form than=20 it was before Title IX was enacted.=E2=80=9D

The report also maintains that, =E2=80=9Ccontrary to the = critics=E2=80=99 claims, boys=E2=80=99 and=20 men=E2=80=99s opportunities to play sports have continuously increased = since 1972,=20 albeit at a slower rate than that of girls and women -- who had so few=20 opportunities before Title IX.=E2=80=9D

Participation in sports is far from a trivial issue. Research has = shown the=20 benefits of such participation are significant and long-lasting.

A study published in 2007, for example, showed that playing on a high = school=20 sports team increased a young woman=E2=80=99s chances of graduating from = college by 41=20 percent.

=E2=80=9CIf the goal is for girls to get a higher education, our = findings favor the=20 idea of girls playing high school sports,=E2=80=9D said Mikaela Dufur, a = sociology=20 professor at Brigham Young University in Utah and co-author of the = research.=20

A study in 2002 showed that athletics help student academic = performance in=20 high school more than any other extracurricular activity. Decreased drug = use,=20 improved health, better grades, increased confidence and other benefits = also=20 have been found by various researchers.

The full = text=20 (PDF, 12 pages) of the report from the National Coalition for Women and = Girls in=20 Education is available on the group=E2=80=99s Web=20 site.

Article translated in:

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This site delivers information about current U.S. = foreign=20 policy and about American life and culture. It is produced by the U.S.=20 Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs. = Links to=20 other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the = views=20 contained therein.

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};=0A= =0A= //Swaps out brightcove media elements (such as a video or photo gallery = component)=0A= $.fn.brightcoveToggle =3D function() {=0A= =0A= if( $("#video").attr("id") ) var brightcoveType =3D "video"; else var = brightcoveType =3D "story";=0A= =0A= var playerId =3D (location.hash).substring(1);=0A= =0A= if (playerId) {=0A= $.fn.brightcoveToggle.swap(playerId,brightcoveType);=0A= } else if ( $(".player").attr("class") ) {=0A= var playerId =3D ($(".collection-box li = a:eq(0)").attr("href")).substring(1);=0A= $.fn.brightcoveToggle.swap(playerId,brightcoveType);=0A= }=0A= =0A= if (playerId){ $.fn.brightcoveToggle.swap(playerId,brightcoveType); }=0A= =0A= this.each(function() {=0A= =0A= $(this).find(".collection-box li").click(function () {=0A= var playerId =3D = ($(this).find("a:eq(0)").attr("href")).substring(1);=0A= $.fn.brightcoveToggle.swap(playerId,brightcoveType);=0A= return false;=0A= });=0A= =0A= });=0A= };=0A= =0A= $.fn.brightcoveToggle.swap =3D function(playerId,brightcoveType) {=0A= =0A= if(brightcoveType =3D=3D "video")=0A= $(".player").html('

');=0A= else=0A= $(".player").html('

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